An Autonomous System is a collection of network devices (routers, switches, e.t.c.) that are under the control of a single administrative entity or organization. Autonomous Systems are typically identified by an Autonomous System Number (ASN), which is used to uniquely identify and differentiate between different Autonomous Systems.

A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, is a private network that is available over the internet. The internet, as we all know, is a public place, but a VPN makes it possible to have these private networks through a concept known as tunneling. With VPN tunneling, an organization can make internal networks available to remote offices or staff over the internet. A VPN creates a secure connection as online activities are encrypted and internal IP addresses are masked. This makes it harder for hackers and bad actors to sniff private company data.

There are times when firewalls are implemented to the point that they cause inconvenience for users in a network. Sometimes firewalls can be incorporated to restrict free speech and censor information. Firewalls can be evaded in a couple of ways, but the typical way firewalls are evaded is by tunneling the traffic.

Firewall are set of rules that decide what kind of internet traffic is allowed or not allowed through a network. A firewall checks every called packet that tries to go through the network. It looks at the packets and decides if they are safe or not. If they are safe as defined by the firewall rules, they can pass through the networkelse if they fail the test, the firewall stops them from going through.

In the world of the web, web browsers define web resources in the form of an origin. An origin refers to the protocol scheme, the domain name, and the port number of a web resource. The idea of defining web resources in terms of an origin is to be able to create a rule called the "same-origin" policy.

DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) adds a layer of protection to DNS by using digital signatures. It helps to ensure that the information received when making DNS queries is genuine. In simple terms, DNSSEC helps mitigate MITM attacks.